Censorship And Its Effects On Society Essay - 1341 Words

Ever since I can remember I have been asked to write essays with specific criteria and sometimes I was even given articles to write about. Even though writing this way can be effective, I am an expressive writer and I flourish in situations where I am given freedom to choose what I can write about. Especially if I am not a fan of the piece I am supposed to be writing about, I will not produce good quality work in comparison to something I am passionate about. Some people argue that censorship is important to both writers and readers and benefit them both. I believe that censorship can hinder a writer’s progress in literature and may not benefit the reader because not everyone thinks nor reacts the same. Censorship is not helpful to everyone and it can be argued that it is not only unnecessary, but harmful to others. Censorship among readers does more harm than good, in certain cases. It will not stimulate the mind of all writers and quite possibly can cause a writer to produce lesser quality work. Literature is a way for people to escape and allow their imagination to take control and with censorship, people have to stick to very tight guidelines about how to craft their work. Especially when a student writer’s grade is based mostly on specific guidelines, it can hold the writer back from their true potential. Written in his article entitled, â€Å"Letters from Voltaire, 20 June 1733†, Voltaire implores the public not to â€Å"clip the wings of our writers so closely...those who,Show MoreRelatedCensorship And Its Effect On Society992 Words   |  4 PagesSometimes censorship might have a positive effect on society. For example, parents consider censorship to be important in order to protect minors and some group of audiences from indecent broadcast or obscenity. Contents like this are deemed to be harmful or offensive to public good and are usually highly regulated by the government. Most parents agree that it is imperative to censor obscene entertainment in order to safeguard children from accessing harmful materials and this is one of the positiveRead MoreCensorship And Its Effect On Society1680 Words   |  7 PagesI. A. Censorship. This single word describes the world’s history of literary sabotage, the idea of rejecting a concept or other medium of propaganda simply b ecause it exhibits a disagreeable or supposedly immorally tepid aspect, then forcibly substituting a more ‘ethical’ ideal. Since King Hammurabi stamped out the first cuneiform laws in Babylon, human society has experienced relentless episodes of chronic censorship. It wasn’t until the Roman Empire however, that the word censor was coined, meaningRead MoreCensorship And Its Effect On Society1325 Words   |  6 PagesWestern society. It is also said that information is practically the most powerful and important weapon against corruption in the world. Those who have access to sensitive information, by whatever means either through corruption or unrestricted access, can use this information to demand bribes and even obtain more information by corruption or hide it from others. Owning that access and practicing the act of corruption and maladministration will increase transparency and will also enable society and evenRead MoreCensorship And Its Effect On Society1581 Words   |  7 Pages politically unacceptable, or a threat to security.† Simply, censorship is restricting or hiding information so it cannot be accessed by others. Ray Bradbury uses the novel to show concern with the idea of censorship and how it might affect the society. The theme of censorship is obvious through the banning and burning of books. In the first part of the novel, it becomes obvious that censorship began among the citizens of their society. At first they only censored the books that made people thinkRead MoreCensorship And Its Effect On Society Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pagesshift to students’ ability to read beyond â€Å"inappropriate.† (Denzin, 1). Censorship has become a big problem in society today especially in schools using trigger warnings because it is limiting students of their overall learning. Society is banning â€Å"questionable† content because it may offend a student s morals or beliefs, but in the real world it is someth ing that students need to learn and understand. As time goes on censorship is damaging the younger generations by banning information that is importantRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of Censorship In Society798 Words   |  4 PagesCensorship is the suppression, alteration, or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, music, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security. Censorship is an action that has been performed for many years on several subjects of the world, and it is still happening today. Although censorship is an action occurred on many subjects, music is one of the biggest censorship problems in today’s world. Music can have both positive and negative effects on a personRead MoreInternet Censorship And Its Effect On Society1053 Words   |  5 PagesInternet Censorship is Detrimental to Society The Internet was designed to enable and facilitate communications with connected systems at the local, state, national and international levels. The United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) launched a research campaign to find effective ways to link computers to help the exchange of information. In the 1990s, the Internet took off and entered a growth phase which caused an increase in communications worldwide. DARPA did notRead MoreStudies in Contemporary Literature: Free Speech1622 Words   |  7 Pages Censorship is the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined as determined by the government, media outlet, or other controlling bodies (Wikipedia, 1). This can be done by governments and private organizations or by individuals who engage in self-censorship which is the act of censoring or classifying one’s own work like blog, books, films, or other means of expression, out of theRead MoreThe Debate About Censorship1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Debate about Censorship Censorship, the control of the information and ideas circulated within a society, has been a characteristic of dictatorships throughout history. In the 20th Century, censorship was achieved through the examination of books, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other forms of communication for the purpose of altering or suppressing ideas found to be objectionable or offensive. There have been assorted justifications for censorship, with some censorsRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1200 Words   |  5 Pagesby life in society, authors are able to create work that speaks to their observations and views on society and its functions. In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury incorporated the corruption of the society in which he lived in into the dystopian society created in his book. Fahrenheit 451, a fictional book about a protagonist’s attempt to overcome a dystopian society’s corruption, was written by Ray Bradbury while living in 1950â⠂¬â„¢s America. The book focuses on themes of censorship, and illustrates

Death Penalty - 2057 Words

THE DEATH PENALTY†¦ETHICAL? OR NOT? Outline 1608 Captain George Kendall becomes the first recorded execution in the new colonies 1632 Jane Champion is the first woman executed 1767 Cesare Beccaria’s essay On Crime and Punishment, theorizes that there is no justification for the state to take a life Late 1700’s United States abolitionist movement begins Early 1800’s many states reduce their number of capital punishment crimes build state penitentiaries 1834 Pennsylvania becomes the first state to move executions into correctional facilities 1846 Michigan becomes the first state to abolish the death penalty for all crimes except treason 1890 William Kemler becomes the first person executed by electrocution Early 1900’s†¦show more content†¦- In this view, punishment is required to â€Å"annul† the wrong done to the victim or â€Å"restore the Equilibrium of benefits and burdens† Teleology -Aristotle, Plato Socrates -Moral choice is that which produces the best result or outcome is the â€Å"moral† choice -focuses on good outcome, not obligation, duty, or process -Goodness is the consequences of our behavior and not the behavior itself -The concept of retribution is easily distorted in contemporary society -Retribution is not vengeance -Teleology is against the death penalty Common Arguments for and against the death penalty For: - The crimes of rape, torture, treason, kidnapping, murder, larceny, and perjury pivot on a moral code that escapes apodictic [indisputably true] proof by expert testimony or otherwise. But communities would plunge into anarchy if they could not act on moral assumptions less certain than that the sun will rise in the east and set in the west. Abolitionists may contend that the death penalty is inherently immoral because governments should never take human life, no matter what the provocation. But that is an article of faith, not of fact. The death penalty honors human dignity by treating the defendant as a free moral actor able to control his own destiny for good or for ill; it does not treat him as an animalShow MoreRelatedPro Death Penalty Speech1482 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduce myself before we get started. My name is Slick Perry and if you didn’t already know, I am the state governor of Texas. You are all aware that we are reviewing our recidivism rate to various crimes and reviewing our stance regarding the death penalty as we approach 2009. Everyone here understands that capital punishment is a very controversial topic in the United States. In Texas, from December 1982 through August 2008, only 361 criminals of the millions of Texans in our good state were executedRead MoreThe Truth About The Death Penalty973 Words   |  4 Pages In her article â€Å"The Truth About The Death Penalty†, Carina Kolodny argues that the death penalty should be abolished in all fifty states due to the fact that it is ineffective and very expensive. Kolodny believes that capital punishment has too many complications and variables that cause it be more of an issue than a real solution for capital offenses. She proposes that the death penalty should be dropped and exchanged for better programs such as Proposition 34, which replaces capital punishmentRead MoreThe Bible and Death Penal ty Essay example812 Words   |  4 Pagesa person’s view of the Bible influence what they think about the death penalty for murderers.† I would like to see if a person’s view of the bible influence what they think of the death penalty. This is interesting to me because I am interested in the field of criminal justice and the death penalty is a huge topic to this day. There are many journals that talk about studies that were done on religion and views of the death penalty which have to do with my topic of interest. My hypothesis is thatRead MoreEssay on Death Penalty: Capital Punishment and Violent Crime1570 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment and Violent Crime Hypothesis Most Americans are pro-death penalty, even though they dont really believe that it is an effective deterrent to violent crime. Those who are pro-death penalty will remain so, even if faced with the best arguments of anti-death penalty activists and told to assume the arguments were absolutely true. Violent crime Violent crime is a major problem in the United States. According to the ACLU, the violent crime rate rose sixty-one percentRead MoreEssay on Article Analysis: OSullivans View of the Death Penalty1536 Words   |  7 PagesBritain should have the death penalty. O’Sullivan addresses all the main counter arguments when explain to his audience his conclusion. His supporting evidence includes death penalty decisions in history and several other statistics. Emotionally terms, faulty cause and effects scenarios, and either/or point of views are other ways the author conveys his opinion to the audience. The article begins with an overall theme threw out O’Sullivan’s piece: does the death penalty appropriately punishRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1143 Words   |  5 PagesAllison Shu 2/25/16 Period 2 Objective paper on the death penalty Capital punishment is legally authorized killing as punishment for a crime. The death penalty questions the morality of killing a person as justification for their crime. It also brings to question whether the death penalty actually serves as a deterrent for crime, and that some of the people executed are found innocent afterwards. The debates over the constitutionality of the death penalty and whether capital punishment should be usedRead MoreThe Death Penalty For Juveniles946 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty for minors differs greatly from the death penalty for adult. The law that minor could be put on death row was decided to rule against the eighth amendment. The eighth amendment prohibits the act of â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† which putting minors on death row breaks. On March 4, 2005 the law that minors could not be put on death row for their actions was set into place. The new laws say, â€Å"They cannot punish a minor by death penalty and they cannot punish someone for a crimeRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Mandatory?925 Words   |  4 Pagesopinions on the subject. When we were discussing the death penalty although my opinion didn’t change, after hearing what some of my classmates had to say about the subject during our lab I was able to respectfully see why they had those thoughts and feelings about the subject. I believe that we should have the death penalty, and that it helps prevents more crime from happening. However, during our lab students that thought we should ban the death penalty had some pretty interesting reasons behind theirRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1805 Words   |  8 Pagesthat we all know is the death penalty. This penalty has been going around for years. To many people it might be the best way of punishing a person. On the other hand there are people who think that if you kill a person you should be sentenced to die as well. For me I would say it might not be the best way and it not working as many would like it. When choosing if you are for the death penalty you have to okay with an insect person dyei ng or even a family member being in death row. I know that is somethingRead MoreThe Death Penalty : An Effective Reliable Tool904 Words   |  4 Pagesthe death penalty has been a frequent topic of discussion, as our recent technological advancements have evidently led individuals to consider the â€Å"new found† legitimacy of our court systems, as statistics display that our previous racial bias and the apparent morality of the practice itself have a miniscule impact on our conviction rate. Both the advancements and ethics that the death penalty provides become apparent through the utilization of anecdotes and statistics, as the death penalty has prevailed

Applied Business Research free essay sample

Supermarket discounts: do they offer genuine benefits or are they â€Å"buying traps† Name: HU LIXIANG Student Number: 200908448 MSc Major: Consumer Marketing 1. Project Title Supermarket discounts: do they offer genuine benefits or are they â€Å"buying traps† 1. 1. Introduction Generally speaking, people believe a discount in the supermarket is something that will help to save their money and which is a profits sharing activity of supermarket company. However, less people ever think about the real value for them when a discount product purchased. Therefore, Tesco, a well-known neighbour will be a good case for this study. Since 1919, when Jack Cohen began to sell surplus groceries in East London, a supermarket which later would become known as Tesco has gradually become one of the main companies where United Kingdom consumers like to buy their groceries. Today, the company’s advertising slogan â€Å"every little helps† is embedded in most British peoples minds. Today, roughly three thousand Tesco stores provide services in the United Kingdom and Tesco products are on sale everywhere. Behind the rapid development of Tesco is UK consumers’ notable purchasing capacity, which has greatly increased over the last half century, and also their preference to make use of Tesco as the main provider of their groceries. Consumer behaviour is affected by both internal and external factors. Specifically, internal factors include consumer demand itself (â€Å"What do people want? ), while external factors include product quality, advertising methods and marketing structures. From a psychological point of view, while consumers’ interests would often be best served by â€Å"shopping around† (selecting the best price for similar products from among many different outlets), the fact of being in a typically encourages consumers to make their decision to buy within a short period of time. More and more sales promotions (discounts and the like) can have a significant psychological impact on customers’ purchasing decisions. Most existing research has paid attention to the question of whether discount activities will bring a company more benefits, while a smaller amount of research has questioned whether consumers purchasing discount items obtain real value. However, there has been little research to explore changes in consumers’ psychological activities when they buy merchandise at a discount in supermarket, or looking at the question of whether they really need discount products or if the temptation of the promotional advertising alone has prompted the decision to buy. This research proposal starts with a literature review aim to set up the hypotheses that customers will be influenced by the sales promotion which leads to purchase products they do not actually need. The methodology and data collecting methods are followed by analysis and ethical issue. At the end of research proposal, implications for someone may concern will be provide. 1. 2. Aims This research aims to thoroughly explore the supermarket sales promotions provided by Tesco, and then measure their impacts on consumer psychology as the company pursues its ultimate goal of growing sales. An additional aim is to investigate the method that TESCO carries out to influence customers’ psychology via variety sales promotions and ultimately to change customers’ initial decisions, in the mean while, provide a reasonable recommendation for people who willing to purchase discount goods in supermarket. Furthermore, the final contribution will abound knowledge about sales promotion activities and find some more practical effects. 1. 3. Objectives The research will address the following questions: . 3. 1. Do supermarkets offer a variety of promotions normally, and if so, how many major methods do they adopt? 1. 3. 2. Do customers prefer items for promotion to products at a regular price? 1. 3. 3. What do customers think about this kind of marketing strategy, is it a profit sharing by supermarket or just a kind of advertising? 1. 3. 4. Are customers influenced by sales promotion activity, and if so ,will they change their initial options? 1. 3. 5. What do customers feel when they choose items for discount but not their original choices, satisfied or not satisfied? In addition, the research will seek to identify that consumers made purchase decision due to the psychological change or based on their sane thinking and to provide rational suggestions to consumers when they are choosing items for sales, and to provide a means to identify the real value of many kinds of discount. 2. Literature 2. 1 Review of the relevant literature There is a large amount of literature about the pricing strategy or consumers’ behaviour for different sales promotion but there is surprisingly little research about the contributing factors that prompt customers’ buying behaviour. However by analysing consumers’ reaction to sales promotions, we can determine whether customers make their purchasing decisions based on internal or external factors. The internal factors would be customers’ initial needs, while external factors would include the influence of promotion advertising. The retail industry increasingly used sales promotions (Felgate et al. 2012). Previous research (e. g. Webster 1971; Kotler 1988; Blattberg amp; Neslin 1990) sees sales promotion as a method that directly or indirectly influences customers’ purchasing behaviour – via limited purchase time or a price drop, or some other way to enhance the prospect of sales. The use of such sales strategies in supermarkets has dramatically increased in the UK in the past ten years, with nearly one third of all supermarket branches supplying items as part of a â€Å"sale† (Nielsen Wire 2009). Gilbert and Jackaria point out (2002) that there are four major promotional methods frequently used in British supermarkets: coupons, direct price discount (price drop), samples and so called â€Å"buy one get one free† (BOGOF). Based on data analysis of 160 respondents, indeed, there is a relationship between these four commonly used sales promotion types and customers’ buying behaviour – with direct price discount proving to be the most efficient method of influencing consumer behaviour. It is obvious that sales methods are highly relevant to consumers’ purchasing activities. Many researchers have investigated how consumers’ responses relate to a variety of promotion methods which also provides reliable evidence to show that external reasons have provoked customers to change their initial idea. Five main responses (namely brand switching, purchase acceleration, stockpiling, product trial and higher spending) have been subjected to a correlation analysis with sales methods through 206 supermarket customers in Hong Kong, which has a similar marketing environment to the UK. Direct discounts and BOGOF were considered to be the tools that most significantly influenced customers to change their original choices, leading to purchasing acceleration, stockpiling or spending more (Prendergast, et al. , 2005). Not only do these traditional methods work, but also some newer concepts like gift promotion can help sales to increase. Gifts can be help to change their attitudes and purchase objectives, and to keep and boost purchasing behaviour by existing customers (Bodur and Grohmann, 2005). Another research related to gift promotion conducted by Montaner (2011) has also proved that gift promotional sales will effectively accelerate sales by upgrade consumers’ purchase willingness. Another study suggests that even children also will bring sales promotion into their simple buying decisions, even though sales promotions may not always give them the best value for their budget (Boland et al. , 2012). Consumers purchasing decisions have a positive correlation to sales promotion, as discussed above. However, a small amount of research has focussed on the psychological evolution of customers when they are faced with two items with the same function – one at a regular price and the other at a discount. Chen et al (2012) predict that if customers ignore the basic value of products but are swayed by the percentages of sales promotion, they tend to prefer multi-buy items for sale than price discount, based only on their simple mathematical calculations. For example, an item may have a direct discount for one third of its original price, while the multi-buy sales promotion can bring customer a fifty percent discount. Most people will prefer the 50% discount to the 33% discount, without being concerned about the amount they have purchased, or the basic value of the products. Chen et al. proved this prediction with experiments, showing that it was hard for customers to combine price and quantity when they are surrounded by many kinds of promotion advertising. For further consideration, sometimes direct discount is not actually all that direct: people may not choose a T-shirt sale for ? 20 but will prefer to buy the same T-shirt which has a ? reduction, if they are told that the original price was ? All consumers like a bargain, and therefore some sales promotions like to match people’s willingness to buy at a supposed discount (Saini et al. , 2010). Sales promotion methods may help consumers save money. Some main methods include discount, coupons or BOGOF, and are usually intended to encourage customers to purchase some new products that possess high quality or advanced functions. These promotional methods are normally considered to be a profit sharing by retailer or manufacturer. Of course, there is another way to look at such sales promotions techniques, and discounts can be seen as a trap for those people who want to purchase great value products from promotions. Wallace (1996) points out that the most generally sales promotion method is by offering a limited-time discount, which does not permit consumers enough time to think deeply about the necessity of this specific item nor gives them the chance to compare the price with other supermarkets. Hence it is easy for a customer to switch his favourite brand to an unfamiliar brand, without realising that the discounted price does not offer genuine value for money. Pricing strategies are part of marketing strategy, which has been carried out in many companies. New products – which are not worth their high prices – are often offered at a great discount to attract customers’ attention in a short period. However the main reason for this phenomenon is because customers normally focus on the prices but not the actual value (Hogan and Lucke, 2006). Discount pricing traps still remain popular, along with other kinds of sales promotion methods. 2. 2 Summary The literature review above shows that there exists a connection between customers and sales promotion, and also promotion methods indeed boost the company income. The existence of external factors influences customers’ mental behaviour. Purchase by sales promotion may not offer the value it claims to: this research will collect data on the attitudes of customers who have bought products for sales and will analyse whether these customers gain real benefits from purchasing items via sales promotion. 3. METHODOLOGY 3. 1. Hypotheses The study assumes that consumers who purchase discount goods have been influenced by the impact of promotional advertising, and so are provoked into making irrational decisions. 3. 2. Research design and sampling This methodology will be applied for the research to obtain data and deduce the answers to questions that have been put forward previously. It will help to propose research about the customers’ real benefits when they select products at a discount, when influenced by promotional advertising. This research will be use both qualitative and quantitative methods by means of secondary data, surveys and interviews. The purpose of this research is to examine if customers can obtain real value from discounted products. Thus it is necessary to select samples as customers who have responses for sales promotion in supermarket and the secondary data will contribute to testing correlation between outcome of data analysis collect by questionnaire and existing theory. Further interviews with people who have bought items through sales promotion will help to analyse the psychological evolution of customers. In this way, it will draw a conclusion about reasons for people to purchase discounted products and to define the real benefits of items at discount price. In another words, the main purpose of this research is to acquire an insight into the real needs of customers and provide rational recommendations for people who prefer discounted products. As explained above, the research will adopt a descriptive approach. Sekaran and Bougie (2010) explain that a descriptive study is carried out when there already exists a specific hypothesis and a prior plan can be abided by. The objective will test the hypothesis and acquire a clear understanding of this topic. 3. 3. Data collection procedures To achieve the aim of the research, primary data and secondary data will be collected and analysed. The secondary data will be able to help format relevant background information which will help both researchers and readers. This will help researchers to bring the plan to completion and readers to profoundly understand the results of this investigation. Choosing an appropriate sample is necessary for researchers to achieve accurate outcomes, and it is a portion of composition, which is treated as the delegate of entire population (Black and Champion, 1976). Graph 1: As shown in the graph 1, the first phase, a longitudinal designs questionnaire will be used to collect primary information. The amount of sample between thirty and five hundred is proper for the majority of research (Saiful, 2012). Based on these limitations, the number of sample will be constituted of 168 questionnaires for customers picked up randomly in each branch. Questionnaire work will be carried out in four Tesco branches of different sizes: Tesco Express, Tesco Metro, Tesco Superstore and Tesco Extra. This is in order to ensure that the investigation data is varied. Each branch located in the area does not face fixed customer groups in case samples are not universal. The questionnaire section is scheduled to last seven days from Sunday to Saturday to ensure that all types of customers are included in research and this phase will conduct on three periods as morning, midday and also evening. Researchers will gather the primary data via two methods. At the beginning, questionnaire surveys will be carried out with customers shopping in branches of Tesco supermarket in Liverpool. The duration of each survey and artificial costs are within an acceptable extent. The questionnaire is consists of four different aspects to gather sufficient data for analysis. To achieve the objectives proposed before, first part is design to collect respondents’ personal information such as gender, age, occupation, income level and so on. The second part of questionnaire is about diverse sales promotion methods provided by Tesco and it is aim to find consumers’ awareness of this sales strategy. The third part is relevant to respondents’ purchase behaviour which purpose is to collect different choice made by customers after influenced by sales advertising. And the last part is designed around by customers’ psychology evolution, this section is used to analyse people’s attitude of purchase a product for sales. To some extent, last part can surmise the factors which driving consumers purchase discount merchandise. Followed by the first step, interviews will undertake by email to customers who fill in questionnaires and also purchase products for sale in specific branch at that time. To make sure receive enough reply, there is a need to confirm in advance that respondents are willing to accept an interview via email after use of discount merchandise. Combining the analysis of questionnaire and interview, the researcher will draw a conclusion and supply answers to the main objectives previously outlined. 3. 4. Data analysis The data collected in the first stage will process through univariate analysis. Elements in the questionnaire are all independent variable while four different sample supermarkets been selected are eager for enhance the universality of data. After collecting stage, data will be entered into SPSS and an Excel spreadsheet. Categorical data used to calculate frequencies and percentages which could describe tendency of customers. Result of quantitative analysis will provide an explanation of what sales promotion methods did Tesco supermarket adopt and in what ratio of customers will prefer a product at discount. NVivo software will be used to analyse qualitative data collected from interview phase of this research. It means that individual feedback can be assorted meticulously to make sure that diversity respondents have been interviewed. Even analyse quantitative data does not make sense of research completion as it does only provide an objective view of the hypothesis, questionnaire refinement and further investigate on mental changing of customers’ will fulfil the demands of the research. 3. 5. Expected Results Analysis of the qualitative and quantitative data collected from questionnaire survey and email interview, suggests that changes of customers’ behaviour related to promotional methods, and customers normally are not able to get real benefits or value products from these methods. To some extent the results are evidence to speculate mostly that sales promotion methods do not amount to great value. 3. 6. Ethics Members in research team may need to address a variety of ethical issues such as answers of questionnaires will be involved personal privacy issues of respondents. However, it is believed that respondents participate in the long time periods will comprehend the true significance of this study and also will benefit from the achievement of this research. The outcome of this research will not generate negative impacts by targeting Tesco in this research. The products relevant to this research are only being treated as study cases which will not be influenced by the conclusion of hypothesis. 3. Planning and other 4. 1 Treatment of the Data The researcher will hold a daily diary to involve the original questionnaire papers contained the questionnaire, further explanation of specific paper and some new findings for daily work. And data will be recorded in computer to avoid unintentional damage. 4. 2 Risks analyses 4. 2. 1: data lost: keep by particular person in research team and make sure to backup periodical 4. 2. 2: Lack of co-operation with supermarket staff: guarantee the outcome of research is not used for Commercial use of competitors, seek for understanding of branches before conduct questionnaire survey.

Realism and Prudence in Foreign Policy

Realism is an approach to international relations that has developed progressively through the works of numerous political analysts who have based themselves within, and therefore have not exceeded a characteristic but yet assorted approach or conventional evaluation. Realism focuses on global political challenges attributable to individual characteristics and lack of universal watchdog.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Realism and Prudence in Foreign Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These two elements make global relations basically a sphere of power and interests (Griffiths 2009, p. 13). Individual characteristics have not changed since time immemorial. According to the realists, humans are still self-centred, and therefore inherently inclined towards decadence. Machiavelli explains that in the world of politics, individuals tend to be immoral and will always find expression for malignity engraved in thei r brains when opportunity strikes (Griffiths 2009, p. 14; Donnelly 2000, p. 17). In other words, realists give primary attention to inconsiderate passions and the catastrophic presence of wickedness in global politics. Since these passions can not be eradicated, conflicts are not bound to end any time soon (Donnelly 2000, p. 26). Even though realists have disagreed in some areas, they all agree that humans are inconsiderately zealous and this zeal is the root of all political challenges in the globe. The new political dispensations are aimed at curbing this side of human nature. Locally, human nature is normally regulated by hierarchical political power and constitution (Donnelly 2000, p. 26). In the global front, political disorder not only permits but also promotes the evil side of human nature. Therefore, the chaotic nature of national politics and the inconsiderate nature of humans call for an overall watchdog (Griffiths 2009, p. 17). Realist considers the structure of global sy stem as vital in maintaining international relations. According to classical realists, absence of central power to resolve disputes is the reason behind the current security dilemma. They also argue that cumulative effect of actions by state and none-state actors can have considerable impact beyond national borders (Waltz 1979, p. 3).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Classical realists argue that hunger for power which is more rooted in human beings is the reason why most countries are struggling to enhance their capacities. For that reason, the absence of global watch dog is an accommodative condition for state actors to operate without restraint (Waltz 1979, p. 4). In other words, classical realists also explain egoistic nature of human beings which is the cause of many global problems. Therefore, a number of global conflicts are attributed to aggressive behaviour of st ate actors or local political systems that provide opportunity for narrow-minded leaders to pursue selfish expansionist policies in the global arena. In short, classical realists argue that global politics is full of immorality because policies governing international relations are made by bad people (Griffiths 2009, p. 20). According to neo-realists the structure of the global system comprises of two aspects: lack of overall authority means chaotic state of affairs, and the egoistic nature of humans means all countries are functionally the same. One of the differences between neo-realism and classical realism is in the essence and basis of state priorities. In addition, unlike classical realists, neo-realists only focus on global state of affairs. Neo-realists state that countries will do what they have to do to survive in the current competitive and anarchic environment. On the other hand, states can opt to pursue certain norms because they are advantageous or because they are alr eady internalized locally (Donnelly 2000, p. 32). Neo-realists explain that international systems are characterized by similar results given their similarity in structure. As stated earlier, neo-realists tend to ignore local conditions which are apparently different (Griffiths 2009, p. 17). There are other strands of political realism at the moment, for instance, rise and fall realism, neo-classical realism, and structural realism (defensive and offensive structural realism). They all view international relations in terms of endless and inevitable conflicts. Rise and fall realists explain that rules and practices of global system are determined by the most powerful state.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Realism and Prudence in Foreign Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the most powerful state accrues most benefits, other leading states will always try to find ways to get to top position. Given the sma ll gap between the leading state and other powerful states, the rivalry between them normally end up in some form of conflict (Donnelly 2000, p. 38). On the other hand, neoclassical realists stress that state actions are normally driven by domestic preferences. Neoclassical realists explain that incidences that are being witnessed in the global political arena are mostly influenced by domestic structures, institutions, beliefs, and aspirations. Most foreign policies tend to be upsetting or predatory. The most famous account of neoclassical realism is the balance of interest theory which states that most leaders are motivated by power and self-indulgence. Therefore, foreign policies are all about power and individual interests (Mearsheimer 2001, p. 6). Defensive structural realism is an improved version of neo-realism. The most prominent version of defensive structural realism is the balance of threat theory. According to balance of threat theory, countries tend to protect themselves through regional or global alliances. The behaviour of these states is influenced by the perceived threat and the power of the state or none-state actor posing threat (Donnelly 2000, p. 45). On the other hand, offensive structural realism differs with defensive structural realism on the subject of enemy’s power. Instead of relying on regional or global alliances, offensive structural realism encourages acquisition of more power by an individual state for offensive reason. Offensive structural realism stresses that when a country acquires more power than others, it can easily protect itself and not rely on external forces/alliances. Such powers are important to tackle emergency cases or where regional alliances are missing (Mearsheimer 2001, p. 8). Conclusion Realism focuses on global political challenges caused by individual characteristics and lack of global watchdog. These two elements make global relations basically a sphere of power and interests. From the different stra nds of realism explored in the study, actions of most states/state actors are immoral (especially those that are driven by greed of power and interest at the expense of others) while some are justified (defensive measures).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Donnelly, J 2000, Realism and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Griffiths, M 2009, Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations, 2nd edn, Routledge, London. Mearsheimer, J 2001, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, Norton, New York: WW. Waltz, K 1979, Theory of International Politics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. This essay on Realism and Prudence in Foreign Policy was written and submitted by user Ayaan Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.