Purposes and Effects of the Electoral College

Since the United States Constitution was ratified, there have been five Presidential elections where the candidate who won the popular vote did not have enough Electoral College votes to be elected as President.  These elections were as follows:   1824 – John Quincy Adams defeated Andrew Jackson1876 – Rutherford B. Hayes defeated Samuel J. Tilden1888 – Benjamin Harrison defeated Grover Cleveland2000 – George W. Bush defeated Al Gore2016 – Donald Trump defeated Hillary Clinton.It should be noted that there is a significant amount of evidence to question whether John F. Kennedy collected more popular votes than Richard M. Nixon in the 1960 election due to severe irregularities in Alabama voting results. The results of the 2016 election have brought forth a great deal of debate with respect to the continued viability of the Electoral College.  Ironically, a Senator from California (which is the largest U.S. state—and an important consideration in this debate) has filed legislation in an attempt to start the process necessary to amend the U.S. Constitution to ensure that the winner of the popular vote becomes the President-elect—but is that truly what was contemplated by the intent of the founding fathers of the United States? The Committee of Eleven and the Electoral College In 1787, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention were extremely divided about how the President of the newly formed country should be elected, and this issue was sent to the Committee of Eleven on Postponed Matters.  This Committee of Elevens purpose was to resolve issues that could not be agreed upon by all the members.  In establishing the Electoral College, the Committee of Eleven attempted to resolve the conflict between state rights and federalism issues.   While the Electoral College provides that U.S. citizens could participate by voting, it also gave protection to the rights of the smaller and less populous states by giving each state one Elector for each of the two U.S. Senators as well as for each member of the U.S. State of Representatives.  The workings of the Electoral College also achieved a goal of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention that the U.S. Congress would not have any input in the Presidential election whatsoever. Federalism in America   In order to understand why the Electoral College was devised, it is important to acknowledge that under the U.S. Constitution, both the federal government and the individual states share very specific powers. One of the most important concepts from the Constitution is Federalism, which, in 1787, was extremely innovative. Federalism arose as a means to exclude the weaknesses and hardships of both a unitary system and a confederation James Madison wrote in the Federalist Papers that the U.S. system of government is neither wholly national nor wholly federal. Federalism was the result of years of being oppressed by the British and deciding that the U.S. government would be grounded on specified rights; while at the same time the founding fathers did not want to make the same mistake that had been made under the Articles of Confederation where essentially each individual state was its’ own sovereignty and could override the laws of the Confederation. Arguably, the issue of state rights versus a strong federal government ended shortly after the America Civil War and the post-war period of Reconstruction. Since then, the U.S. political scene has been made up of two separate and ideologically distinct major partisan groups – the Democratic and Republican Parties. In addition, there are a number of third or otherwise independent parties. The Effect of the Electoral College on Voter Turnout U.S national elections have a significant history of voter apathy, which over the last several decades show that only about 55 to 60 percent of those eligible will actually vote.  An August 2016 study by the Pew Research Center  ranks the U.S. voter turnout at 31 out of 35 countries with a democratic government. Belgium had the highest rate at 87 percent, Turkey was second at 84 percent and Sweden was third at 82 percent. A strong argument can be made that U.S. voter turnout in Presidential elections stems from the fact that, due to the Electoral College, every vote does not count. In the 2016 election, Clinton had 8,167,349 votes to Trump’s 4,238,545 in California which has voted Democratic in every Presidential election since 1992. In addition, Trump had 4,683,352 votes to Clinton’s 3,868,291 in Texas which has voted Republican in every Presidential election since 1980. Further, Clinton had 4,149,500 votes to Trump’s 2,639,994 in New York which has voted Democratic in every Presidential election since 1988. California, Texas and New York are the three most populated states and have a combined 122 Electoral College votes. The statistics support the argument of many that under the present Electoral College system, a Republican presidential vote in California or New York does not matter, just as a Democratic presidential vote in Texas does not matter. These are only three examples, but the same can be stated as true in the predominantly Democratic New England states and the historically Republican Southern states. It is entirely probable that voter apathy in the United States is due to the belief held by many citizens that their vote will not have any effect on the outcome of the Presidential election. Campaign Strategies and the Electoral College When looking at the popular vote, another consideration should be campaign strategies and finances. Taking into consideration the historical vote of a particular state, a presidential candidate may decide to avoid campaigning and or advertising in that state. Instead, they will make more appearances in states that are more evenly divided and can be won to add onto the number of Electoral votes which are required to win the Presidency.   One final issue to consider when weighing the merits of the Electoral College is when does the U.S. Presidential vote become final. The popular vote occurs on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November every fourth even year that is divisible by four; then the Electors of the Electoral College meet in their home states on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December of the same year, and it isn’t until January 6th immediately following the election that the joint session of Congress counts and certifies the votes. However, this seems to be moot seeing that during the 20th Century, in eight different Presidential elections, there has been a sole elector who did not vote consistent with that Elector’s states popular vote. In other words, the results on election night reflect the final electoral college vote.   In every election where the individual who lost the popular vote was voted in, there have been calls for ending the Electoral College. Obviously, this would not affect the outcome of the 2016 election but it could have an impact on future elections, some of which might be unforeseen.

Mlb And Steroids Is Not An Enforcement Agent - 1583 Words

Mlb and steroids Introduction This presentation will be evaluating and answering the following questions: †¢ Could MLB argue that it is not an enforcement agent, and it has no way of determining whether every player is using steroids at any given time? †¢ Does this argument excuse any responsibility on the part of MLB? †¢ Do you see any rationalizations for the steroid use or the lack of an effective policy on its use in MLB? †¢ What is the responsibility of MLB and the players to young people who are using steroids? †¢ Discuss the Canseco allegations that MLB just wanted revenue and turned a blind eye to steroid use. Apply the various social responsibility theories to this point and discuss the flaws in this competitive model No! The MLB could not argue that it is not an enforcement agent, due to the fact that Congress was already investigating all sports, and found out at every level, drugs were being used. Chairman Staggers did not want the information leaked out to the public being worried that it would increase the amount of teenagers using steroids. The Committee Chairman went to â€Å"the †¦Baseball Commissioner Bowie Kuhn to consider instituting tough penalties and testing, and he trusted Commissioner Kuhn to do that† (Jennings, 2012, p. 139). In spite of this, three decades went by and the MLB did not regulate itself as agreed, and not one drug test was administered. This caused an ethical dilemma. It was not until the early 90’s that the current baseball commissions finallyShow MoreRelatedBaseball: the American Pastime in the Dominican Republic1926 Words   |  8 PagesTen Years’ War and brought baseball to the Dominican Republic (D.R.), the sport is thriving in the imp overished nation. In the sport’s top professional league, Major League Baseball (MLB), more current players were born in the Dominican Republic than any other country besides the United States, where 29 of the 30 MLB teams are based (Gregory 2010). The Dominican, a nation of 9.7 million that lies 700 miles southeast of the port of Miami, produced 86 of the 833 major league players on the opening-dayRead MorePete Rose Essay3071 Words   |  13 PagesSeries and the Yankees 4-0 in the World Series (Sports Reference, Inc). The 1976 Reds remain the only team since the expansion of the playoffs in 1969 to go undefeated in the post-season (as of the end of the 2006 season). In 1979 Rose became a free agent and signed a four-year, $3.2 million contract with the Philadelphia Phillies, temporarily making him the highest-paid athlete in team sports (Sports Reference, Inc). In the eighty-six years before Rose arrived and twenty-two years after he departed

Essentials To Managerial Accounting Engage -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Essentials To Managerial Accounting Engage? Answer: Introduction: This case is about Hawthorn Leisure Works which offers tennis court and other physical fitness facilities to its members. Their revenue is from membership fee and court fee. They want to change their fee structure and regarding that an analysis need to be done in comparison to their old plan. They want to analyse as if new plan regarding fee structure will help to improve the revenue or not (Lalli, 2011). They are planning to remove the court fees from their revenue structure and merge the student segment with the individual segment. There were total 2000 members in the old plan and 70% of those members will continue their membership in the new plan. The new plan consist of only the membership fee and no court fee is there in the new plan. They are estimating that the court fee will be recovered by them with their new plan within six months of the implementation. They further estimate that the new plan will increase the revenue as compared to the old plan. A complete analysis is made regarding the revenues of the HLWs in their old plan as well in their new plan (Heisinger, 2009) Annual membership fees(old plan) Individual $ 45.00 Student $ 30.00 Family $ 100.00 Total Members 2000 Family 1000 Individual 500 Student 500 10 Courts and 12 hours per day Peak tennis season October to April Court fees Days 181 Capacity (5pm to 9pm) 90%-100% Avg. 95% $12 per hour Capacity(9am to 4pm) 50%-60% Avg. 55% $8 per hour Off season May to September Days 184 Court usage(Capacity) 20%-40% Avg. 30% $ 6 per hour Old Plan( Revenue) Amount Membership Fees Individual $ 22,500.00 Student $ 15,000.00 Family $ 1,00,000.00 Court Fees Peak Season 5pm-9pm $ 82,536.00 9am-4pm $ 63,712.00 Off Season $ 39,744.00 Total Revenue $ 3,23,492.00 New Plan of annual membership fees Individual $ 300.00 Family $ 500.00 Promotional( for complete year) Individual $ 250.00 Family $ 450.00 New Plan (Revenue) Amount Membership Fees Normal Individual $ 75,000.00 Family $ 1,25,000.00 Promotional Individual $ 1,12,500.00 Family $ 2,02,500.00 Total Revenue $ 5,15,000.00 Yes, the new membership plan and fee structure improve the ability to plan the cash receipts as under the new plan the membership fee is only there and no court fee is there as any member can use the court at any time without paying any fee. Although the no. of members in the new plan have decreased from 2000 to 1700 but still the revenue increased in comparison to old plan. The increase in revenue will improve the fee structure and the new plan is worthy for company. (Johnson, 2014). The sales revenue will increase resulting from the planned change in the fee structure for next financial year (Drury, 2005). They changed their revenue structure as earlier the revenue was from membership fee and court fee and in the new plan the revenue is only from the membership fee but still there is considerable increase in the revenue with the implementation of new plan. The sales revenue under old plan was $ 3, 23,492.00 and the sales revenue under new plan $ 5, 15,000.00. The assumption made by me is regarding the calculation of court fees as the percentage range is given for the occupancy of the court. So, I took the average of the given range. As either we need to take any of the upper or lower range or average of the range one fixed criteria need to be followed. HLW should accept the new plan as the revenue will increase and the complexity of managing the fee structure will decrease on part of the management. The members will also be happy as there will be no separate fee regarding court usage (Clowes Scriven, 2015). The fall in the no. of members will be combat by the new fee structure very soon as the membership fee increased as compared to the old plan. Conclusion: As per the analysis being done regarding the acceptance of new plan or continuing with the old plan it is recommended to accept the new plan as the revenue got increased (Barney, 2014). The revenue under old plan was $ 323492 and the revenue as per the new plan is $ 515000. The benefit is clearly there and no other contention is required to support the new plan. References: Barney, J. B. 2014,Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage, Pearson Higher Ed. Clowes, R Scriven, V 2015, Budgeting: A Practical Approach, Pearson Higher Education AU. Drury, C 2005, Management Accounting for Business, Cengage Learning EMEA. Goektuerk, H 2007, Activity Based Costing (ABC) - Advantages and Disadvantages, GRIN Verlag. Heisinger, K 2009, Essentials to Managerial Accounting, Cengage Learning. Johnson, P. F. 2014,Purchasing and Supply Management, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Lalli, W. R. 2011, Handbook of Budgeting, John Wiley Sons. Potts, Keith, and Ankrah, N 2014,Construction Cost Management: learning from case studies, Routledge. Wiese, N 2009, Activity Based Costing, GRIN Verlag.

Anthem Novel essays

Anthem Novel essays The book Anthem is about a man, Equality 7-2521, living in a collective society. A collective society is a group on people that consider themselves as one. In a collective society there is no such thing as I because there are no individuals there is only the group. Everybody in that society thinks the same about everything and only does what is considered right by the head council. You were only alive to serve your brothers and no brother is better that the next. Throughout the book Equality 7-2521 is different, his train of thought and views are way ahead of his time and his fellow brothers. Equality 7-2521 believes that he is his own person and that he chooses the path his life will travel. He is the one who decides to go into the forest, he chooses to go into his secret tunnel, and he chose to show the council his light Whatever road I take, the guiding star is within me; the guiding star and the loadstone, which point the way. They point to in but one direction. They point to me. Pg. 95 Equality 7-2521 was only taught to think that one was nothing and the group was everything. He was also taught to believe that the council had the authority to control what he did, like where he worked. So to think of himself as the head person of his life, the person who makes the decisions shows his intelligence. He realized that even if the council or any other person said that he had to go do something didnt mean that he had to because he had the choice to do it or Equality 7-2521 thinks that you should treat everyone the same and that you must earn friendship. To him, his love is an honor and you cannot receive honor without doing something worth honoring. I an neither for nor friend to my brothers, but such as each of them shall deserve of me. And to earn my love, my brothers must do more than to have been born. I do not grant my love without reason...

Elizabethan Era, the similarities and differences this era has to our present day.

Elizabethan Era, the similarities and differences this era has to our present day. Free Online Research Papers Elizabethan Era, the similarities and differences this era has to our present day. Similarities: Elizabethan education was generally for boys of the upper and middle classes. However, upper class girls, often members of the Nobility were also given an education. To me this is a similarity because up until the civil rights movement it was the same here in the US. Another similarity was the basic principles of childhood. These basic elements included respecting their mother and father, asking their parents blessing, having table manners, and having education start in the home. Some inventions created during the Elizabethan era we still use today, we have just perfected them. Some of these inventions include the telescope, pocket watch, bottled beer, flush toilet, thermometer, and even the frozen chicken! New scientific methods arose during the Elizabethan era thanks to people like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Vesalius, Harvey, and their fellow workers. In the Middle Ages students had mostly been satisfied to accept what Aristotle and other philosophers had said, without trying to prove their statements. Kepler, for instance, was the first to disprove the Aristotle’s idea that, as all perfect motion is circular therefore the heavenly bodies must move in circular orbits. Similarly, the world had to wait many centuries before Harvey showed Aristotles error in supposing that the blood arose in the liver, went thence to the heart, and by the veins was conducted over the body. The new scientific method rested on observation and experiment. Students learned at length to take nothing for granted, to set aside all authority, and to go straight to nature for their facts. We are still using these scientific methods in the present day. Another similarity which I am sad to say it is a similarity is the serious lack of sanitation in Elizabethan days, especially in big cities. Streets were filled with rotting garbage, sewers were blocked and rivers were contaminated by domestic waste. Epidemic diseases became increasingly common due to the growth of rodents, fleas, and lice. This is still happening all over the world today! I have also noted a difference a couple of paragraphs ahead. This takes me to another similarity. People of different social status and financial ability consumed different food. The lower classes had a diet consisting largely of bread, cheese and vegetables. Vegetables were food for the poor as the rich considered food from the ground as lowly, while meat was a luxury for the rich. The upper classes had a variety of meat to choose such as venison, beef, pork, lamb and fowl. They could also choose from many different fish such as salmon, white fish and different shellfish. They occasionally took vegetables such as turnips, carrots, and radishes and fruits such as apples, plums, and strawberries. However, meat was still the main component of their diet. They were also fond of many desserts like pastries, tarts, and cakes. I feel this is the same today as well. You eat well if you have money. Differences: In the Elizabethan Era they studied ancient medicine, and the ideas of Hypocrites and Galen. The beliefs of the people were strange. They believed in humors and using herbs as the cure for any ailment. The filthy living conditions, crowded cities, and poverty also caused many of the feared diseases, such as the Black Plague and Smallpox, during the Elizabethan era. In today’s society medical treatments have improved tremendously with the use of new technology and especially with the development of various immunizations. People today don’t worry about being infected with the Black Plague or Smallpox because of the advancements in medicine. Many words used in the Elizabethan language are no longer in use. Other words have replaced them or the original meaning and use of the words are no longer required. A funny example of words not in use in the modern English language anymore is the Elizabethan word â€Å"gong†, which meant dung. The men whose job was to empty and dispose of the waste from the toilets were called â€Å"Gong Farmers†. The Elizabethan alphabet contained 24 letters, our present day alphabet consists of 26 letters. In the Elizabethan alphabet the letters â€Å"u† and â€Å"v† was the same letter, as were the letters â€Å"i† and â€Å"j†. The â€Å"j† was used only in the middle of a word, and the â€Å"v† was used only at the beginning. Another letter which resembled a â€Å"y† was used to represent the â€Å"th† sound. The word â€Å"the† was therefore written in a similar way as â€Å"ye† would in the modern day. There were differences in numbers in the Elizabethan days compared to present day as well. Numbers were frequently written in lower case Roman numerals, with the last â€Å"I† in a number written as a â€Å"j†. For example, â€Å"viij March†. During the Elizabethan times the number of words used in their language was constantly developing. The average number of words used in a â€Å"commoners† vocabulary during the Elizabethan times was less than 500, compared with at least 7500 words that are used in modern day English. Elizabethan language and vocabulary had not been formalized. Dictionaries were not available like they are in our present day therefore words were not used in structured formats. Another difference was a typical week at an Elizabethan grammar school compared to a typical week in present elementary schools. A typical school week at an Elizabethan grammar school looked like this: Monday – an examination based on the previous Sunday’s sermon, Tuesday to Thursday – the basic curriculum, Friday – examinations and punishments, and Saturday – study of the catechism and some arithmetic. Clothing was also different back in the Elizabethan days. It is believed that during that time clothes were such an important treasure that those belonging to the upper classes of nobility and aristocracy would spend all their earnings on what they wore. The women finely decorated their dresses. Today Elizabethan costumes are more about fun. While it is completely outdated, it forms a theme for costume parties and fancy dress balls. The rich wore fabrics such as velvet, satin and cotton, whereas the poor wore flannel and other cheaply available fabrics. It may be surprising how cotton was regarded as a rich person’s clothing because in those days, cotton was not as easily available as compared to today. It also would be inconvenient and an extremely expensive option to wear today. Another difference was that advanced medicine didn’t exist like it does today, therefore people sought for basic remedies to various illnesses usually by making their own medicine and potions using herbs and plants. This could be a similarity though as well, it depends on what part of the globe you’re living on. The accepted social mores of Elizabethan times are comparatively very different to those of the present day. Speaking generally, peoples attitudes, ways of thinking, and expectations have diversified immensely for the better. Males and females are viewed differently by each other and by society in general, and have reached a level of equality never before encountered in earlier times. In the 16th century, the life span was shorter than that of today. The average lifespan of an adult male was 47 years, while the life expectancy of people in London was 35 years for the richer ones, and only 25 years for the less affluent ones. Death in infancy or early childhood was common. Also, about 40% of the people died before their middle teenage years. Research Papers on Elizabethan Era, the similarities and differences this era has to our present day.Standardized TestingPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThree Concepts of PsychodynamicPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export Quotas

IT in US healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

IT in US healthcare - Essay Example A potential answer to this question is the slow pace of adoption of IT in the healthcare industry. In the last few decades, the benefits of IT in the manufacturing and service industries have been well demonstrated. These benefits can just as easily be implemented in the healthcare area. For example, much of current record keeping is paper based, disorganized, and often illegible. Thus, records can be easily lost or scattered, and are poorly linked together. This disorganization can cause up to 80% of errors in healthcare administration. Clearly, the information needs to be organized architecturally according to a designed framework while keeping in mind the privacy of health records. Automation and streamlining of information storage would enable the seamless flow of information and would contribute to overall cost reduction. Cost containment is one of the key drivers of this kind of change, particularly in light of the growing elderly population combined with a shortage of physicia ns and nurses. The rising proportion of healthcare costs with respect to the gross domestic product (GDP) is an important indicator of the significance of this issue. In 1960, healthcare costs amounted to 7.2% of the GDP. By 2005 they have escalated to 16% of GDP and are predicted to continue to grow to 20% by 2015. The increase in the average human lifespan has been made possible by the advancement in medical science and technologies. Despite the high cost, the availability of healthcare in America is dismal compared to other developed nations where the average healthcare cost is typically around 8% of the GDP [13]. Today, forty-four million Americans cannot afford health insurance because health-care costs have risen four times faster than wages [14]. Many hospitals and vital health care services are out of reach for needy Americans. The United States will spend 10 trillion dollars in health-care in next 10 years, which will have a significant negative impact on the economy. Worse, government programs such as Medicare do not cover the hospital costs. These unpaid expenses add to the cost private insurance for individuals and employers. To be sure, the cost of health-care must be addressed on a top priority. The inherent efficiency of the system is perhaps the leading culprit in producing these consequences. Condition of Current Practices is Critical Utilization of information technology in the healthcare industry has been minimal, and its adoption slow. Although health insurance is among the leading industries, 90% of the transactions within this $30 billion industry are performed by phone, fax or mail. Fewer than 5% of prescriptions from U.S. physicians are managed electronically. Most healthcare organizations spend only 1% to 4 % of their revenues on IT. This is half the amount that organizations in other leading industries spend on their IT infrastructures [3]. Clearly, more effort must be directed toward facilitating the implementation of IT in the healthcare field by addressing the barriers to its adoption. Some hospitals have already started to capitalize on this opportunity by using electronic medical record keeping technologies, and hospital information systems (HISs). For example, Kaiser Permanante allows its users to book and cancel appointments on-line. Such initiatives must be expanded in order to fully realize the benefits of IT for reducing the cost of healthcare. Indeed, they hold great promise for making

Finding God Seeking the Truth Personal Statement

Finding God Seeking the Truth - Personal Statement Example Let me elaborate my understandings by touching on the point that God wanted to establish personal relations with his special creation, the humans. The Genesis clearly manifests how a loving God created all things. But whether the detail of such creation is clearly portrayed or not in the texts doesn't matter. What matters is the reason why man was created in His likeness. He made us special because he needed a special bond with the works of His hands and this could be achieved through following His well, to obey Him, and live forever with Him. But sin had changed all these. Nevertheless, in spite of the sins of Adam, he gave him a chance because he didn't want this bond to be broken. Regardless of the sinfulness of all the people in Noah's time God redeemed his family from the great flood, because God needed to preserve the connection. He called Abraham from among the rest of the people to establish an intimate attachment with God and human. When Sodom and Gomorrah was rained with fi re he saved Lot again to preserve the link. Yet now, upon pondering this important truth I have found, it's never too late for everyone to have a special relationship with God. I realized and I am convinced that no amount of religion can reinforce such personal relationship with God but we ourselves alone. How then can we show that God is reigning in us The second apprehension I have mentioned is respect for oneself which is one of the signs I realized than can prove it. God created our body as a temple of the Spirit he gave us. I had been taught from my Catholic teachings that humans have the breath of life, the soul that instituted the direct bond to our God. I held on to this conviction and continue to understand that a part of us is immortal and would come out at the right time laid in our fate by God. The body served as the temple of the soul that needs to be nurtured. A clean body would mean a clean soul. I recalled that time when I usually recharge myself in the quiet and calm place where I can make connection with nature. Oh, what a refreshing experience it was when you sense the spirit of God hovering in nature making connection with your inner soul! But meditation is just one expression in our struggle to respect our own body. Respect for self requires both physical and spiritual nurturing. Doing away with sinful acts that ruin not only the flesh but also the soul is one way. Immoral sex, alcoholism, and other forms of wicked acts corrupt the body and weaken the bond with God. The values taught in the Kabbalah are essential ideals and guidance to make the flesh clean. Following the teaching of good values and the way to righteousness is the ultimate show of deference for oneself. The ultimate proof of a strong bond with God and respect for the self could be shown by how we deal with others. I considered this third point as strongly reinforced by the texts I have encountered. Our behaviors towards ourselves are less pronounced than our business with others. How we greet the persons next us, how we mingle wit our peers, how we act in public are greatly seen by others and are judged by them. Every individual have their own standards as far as judging other behaviors are concerned. A good attitude to one can be normal for others. A bad habit could even be worse in another's perspective. But most often the limitations of our actions are governed by human laws. There are absurd things that could be socially